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摘要:
我国空间电推进技术已进入成熟和全面应用的新阶段。为进一步促进电推进技术发展, 加速推动空间动力领域技术进步, 采用调研、对比分析的方法, 以功率为划分标准, 重点结合未来空间任务对电推进的应用需求, 针对电推进各技术方向的特点, 从"中、微、超"3个功率区间对空间电推进进行了分类综述。总结了国内外电推进技术的发展现状和存在的不足, 提出了需要攻克的关键难点, 研判了发展的主要趋势, 归纳了存在的共性问题, 提出了未来10年空间电推进技术的发展建议, 供我国卫星用户、总体单位和空间电推进专业技术单位参考。
Abstract:Space electric propulsion technology has entered a new stage of maturity and full application in China. In order to further promote and accelerate the development of electric propulsion technology, this paper adopted the methods of investigation and comparative analysis and used the power as the standard to classify and summarize space electric propulsion from the three power ranges of "medium, micro, and ultra". It also focused on the application requirements for electric propulsion in future space missions and the characteristics of various technical directions of electric propulsion. The development status and shortcomings of electric propulsion technology at home and abroad were put forward, as well as the key difficulties to be overcome. The main development trend was studied and judged, and the common problems were summarized. Proposals for the development of space electric propulsion technology in the next 10 years were put forward for the reference of satellite users, departments of overall design, and technical departments of space electric propulsion.
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Key words:
- electric propulsion technology /
- ion electric thruster /
- Hall electric thruster /
- satellite /
- plasma
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图 1 空间电推进技术路线划分与典型产品
Figure 1. Technical route division and typical products of space electric propulsion
图 2 欧洲GOCE卫星飞行概念图及SLATS计划飞行剖面
Figure 2. European GOCE satellite flight concept and SLATS program flight profile
图 3 吸气式电推进N2/O2混合工质放电及涡轮增压装置
Figure 3. Air-breathing electric propulsion N2/O2 mixed working medium discharge and turbocharging device
图 4 BHT系列小功率Hall电推进产品
Figure 4. BHT series small power Hall electric propulsion products
图 11 LPPT-25推进系统三维示意图
Figure 11. Three-dimensional schematic diagram of LPPT-25 propulsion system
图 15 超高比冲离子推力器束流引出
Figure 15. Ultrahigh specific impulse ion thruster discharge process
图 23 束粒子推进和核电推进概念图
Figure 23. Concept diagram of beam particle propulsion and nuclear propulsion
表 1 BHT系列小功率Hall电推进性能参数
Table 1. Performance parameters of BHT series low-power Hall electric propulsion
thruster input power/W thrust/mN specific impulse/s total impulse/(kN·s) mass/kg propellant BHT-100 100 7 1 000 ＞250 1.16 Xe, I BHT-200 200 13 1 390 ＞140 0.98 Xe, I BHT-350 200~600 17 1 244 ＞250 1.7 Xe, I, Kr 
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表 2 国内小功率Hall电推进产品性能表
Table 2. Performance parameters of domestic low-power Hall electric propulsion
thruster input power/W thrust/mN specific impulse/s propellant development organization HET-5 30~100 5 800~1 000 Xe Shanghai Institute of Space Propulsion HET-20 400 20 1 200 Xe Shanghai Institute of Space Propulsion HET-40 660 40 1 500 Xe Shanghai Institute of Space Propulsion LHT-40 100~300 4~13 800~1 200 Xe, Kr Lanzhou Institute of Physics LHT-50 300 15 1 350 Xe, Kr Lanzhou Institute of Physics LHT-60 300~600 15~30 1 350~1 600 Xe, Kr Lanzhou Institute of Physics LHT-70 640 34 1 500 Xe, Kr Lanzhou Institute of Physics HEP-40 215 10 1 200 Xe Beijing Institute of Control Engineering
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表 3 射频离子推力器关键指标对比
Table 3. Comparison of key indicators of RF ion thruster
index grid diameter/cm total power/W thrust/mN specific impulse/s maximum efficiency propellant LRIT-30 3 55~118 0.5~2.3 896~2 654 22.3% Xe RIT-4 3.1 86~115 2.8~3.2 1 760~2 580 30.3% Xe BIT-3 3 60~100 1.4~2.1 1 500~2 850 27% Xe
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表 4 国外脉冲等离子体推力器在轨应用情况
Table 4. In-orbit application of PPT abroad
thrusters technical proposal total impulse/(μN·s) specific impulse/s satellites tasks countries MPACS three electrode coaxial type 80 827 FalconSat-3 attitude control USA MDR-PPT electrothermal coaxial type 1.44~2.47 241~590 PROITERS attitude control Japan DPPT miniature plate type 22.4 525 AOBA-VELOX 3 orbital maintenance Singapore PPT miniature coaxial type 7 600 Pegasus orbital maintenance Austria PPT — 40±3.5 655±58 STRAND-1 orbital maintenance England
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表 5 国外真空弧推力器在轨应用情况表
Table 5. In-orbit application of VAT abroad
thrusters technical proposal total impulse/(μN·s) specific impulse/s thrust/μN satellites countries μCAT coaxial type 1 2 000~3 000 1~50 PHONESATBRICsat-PCANYVAL-X USA VAT coaxial type 1~30 — 2 UWE-4 Germany VAT coaxial type 1~3 — 1.6 Horyu-4 Japan
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